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    Home > Pastry

    Published: Sep 6, 2016 · Modified: Oct 21, 2022 by Helen S Fletcher · This post may contain affiliate links · 20 Comments

    A Discussion of Laminated Doughs

    Layers of laminated dough

    In the coming months, I am going to be featuring articles on laminated doughs.  While they have  a reputation for being difficult, the newer method of making them has taken a lot of the fear away.  It used to be that we were told there couldn't be a single tear in the dough or the butter would all leak out or the layering of dough would suffer.  Well this easier method has the butter and detrempe or dough package cut up in little pieces, and then shoved together and rolled out.  No more worries.  This post will serve as a foreward to these individual posts.

    Laminated dough refers to a baking technique in which many thin layers of dough, referred to as leaves, are separated by butter, as a consequence of repeated folding and rolling. There are different types of laminated doughs. Puff pastry, croissant, and Danish are the three original laminated doughs. Kouign Aman and cronuts are variations of one of those. Another easy laminated dough is the Amazing Pastry Dough Recipe.

    Croissant and Danish contain yeast, puff pastry does not. In addition, the initial dough or detrempe for Danish contains egg which the others don't. A recent addition to laminated dough is the cronut which is basically doughnut dough that is laminated with butter. Kouign aman is a croissant type dough that is sugared when shaping producing a crackling caramel sugar coating. It can be filled or unfilled. I will blog about this one shortly. The photo that opens this blog is of the Kouign Aman.

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    Croissant or puff pastry can be savory as well as sweet.

    Laminated doughs are often thought of as difficult or scary to attempt. Originally, lamination occurred when a lean dough (one with no or little fat) was rolled out and a butter block was encased in the dough. It was then rolled and folded several times to obtain a great number of thin layers of dough and butter. These are referred to as "turns".

    However recently, a much easier method is being used. I first introduced making puff pastry in a food processor in my first book, "The New Pastry Cook". It was based on the Dutch system or  Scottish method of making puff pastry in a mixer which was introduced to America by Julia Child. Using a mixer allows you to use refrigerated cold butter. As a result, Julia cautioned not to use the processor for her method – and she was correct.

    However, one simple change allows puff pastry or laminated doughs to be made in the processor. Freezing the butter and partially freezing the detrempe makes it possible to use the food processor. It has been interesting to see how many books and articles are now using this method or some variation of it. I was surprised to see the Culinary Institute of America's "Baking & Pastry, Mastering the Art and Craft" now uses the Dutch system or Scottish method of making puff pastry in the mixer as opposed to the original butter block method which was always favored by pastry schools and professional pastry chefs.

    There is another method of making puff pastry which is called inverse puff pastry. This is where the detrempe is on the inside and the butter is on the outside. There is an excellent article at https://non www.chefeddy.com/2011/03/inverse-puff-pastry/.

    Butter as used in Laminated Doughs
    Butter is the preferred fat for incorporation because of its taste. However, any fat from lard to Crisco can be used, but isn't suggested for reasons of taste. Vegetable shortening will give the highest rise and is used commercially in some ready to use puff pastry in supermarkets. But the lack of taste along with the coating it leaves in the mouth makes it undesireable.

    It stands to reason that the higher the butter fat content the higher the laminated dough will rise when baked simply for the reason that the more fat there is, the more steam will be created as it melts  and releases its water in order to lift the dough. For this reason European butters such as Plugra, Kerry Gold and others are often recommended as they have an 82% butterfat content whereas most national brands of American butter contain 80% butterfat as mandated by congress.  I will be writing a post comparing the butters.

    While yeast aids in lifting croissants, kouign aman, cronuts and Danish pastry, puff pastry is  completely dependant upon the steam produced by the water in the dough and in the melting butter to raise it.

    Flour used in Laminated Doughs
    Flours can vary depending upon what laminated dough you are making.  Generally speaking if the dough uses yeast, the flour is bread flour which has a high protein count making it possible for the item to retain its height while the heat sets it.

    My recipe for puff pastry uses pastry flour that I make by combining all purpose and cake flour. However, I recently heard Paul Hollywood of The Great British Baking Show, mention that strong flour (bread flour in America) should be used.

    However, Rose Levy Beranbaum in her book, "The Pie and Pastry Bible" thinks bread flour is not such a great idea for puff pastry.

    Stay tuned for my butter and flour tests using European and American butters as well as the traditional pastry flour and bread flour.

    Rolling out the Dough
    There is a special rolling pin called a tutove for rolling out laminated doughs. However, I don't make them often enough to worry about it. I use my marble rolling pin on my marble tabletop. Marble is the best surface because it stays cold which helps keep the butter cold. The least desireable surface is wood. However, just pop the laminated dough into the refrigerator or freezer for a few minutes if it warms up too much.  Just keep it firm.

    Originally puff pastry was rolled and folded in what was referred to as a single turn. That meant it was folded like a letter. The method I use is the double turn which means the dough is folded down from the top to the center and up from the bottom to the center, then folded in half at the center. This speeds up the process of rolling out and making turns. It is then turned 90° so the folded side is to the left for the next turn.

    Resting the dough
    During the rolling out and folding stage, the dough needs to be rested from time to time. While I have read it is because it springs back, I haven't found that to be a problem with my method. The reason I rest it is to keep the butter solid. If the butter begins to soften you will roll it into the detrempe or onto the table and that is not what you want to do. The idea is to keep the butter between the sheets of the detrempe. So it is necessary, if using my method or anyone's to keep the butter cold so it doesn't mix with the dough or stick to the table.

    Storing Laminated Doughs
    When the dough is completed, it is best to leave it in the refrigerator overnight or up to several days. If not using it then, freeze it for up to a year for unyeasted doughs. Several months for yeasted doughs. Thaw it in the refrigerator overnight before using if frozen.  The product can also be made up and frozen then baked from the frozen stage.

    Shaping the dough
    Any laminated dough needs to be cut so the edges of the dough are not sealed or it won't rise as dramatically. The dough needs to be cold to cut it. If it has just been rolled out, refrigerate or freeze briefly to firm up. When cutting use a sharp knife in an up and down motion. Do not drag the knife as that can seal the edges of the dough.

    Also, if using cutters, do not twist them when cutting. Cut straight down and remove them straight up to keep the pastry from baking lopsided.  If you are unsure the cut has gone to the bottom, move the cutter side to side.

    If you need to attach pieces of dough together, brush them with water and press them together lightly. I prefer this to egg as the egg can seal the pastry if it drips down but water won't. I often glaze the finished product with an egg wash, but I don't attach pieces with it.

    Scraps
    Although scraps of laminated doughs will never reach the height of the original, they are still eminently useable. I usually piece mine together or stack them up, dust them lightly with flour and roll them out. If they soften, refrigerate them. Give them a turn, wrap them in film and refrigerate or freeze them.

    Baking Sheets and Baking Temperatures
    Light colored baking sheets lined with parchment paper should be used when baking laminated doughs. The high butter content can cause the items to burn fairly fast. Dark sheets brown more quickly and that is not what you want here. Also, I double pan all of the laminated doughs  to insure the bottom is not burned before the item is baked all the way through. I also bake on the middle rack of the oven to prevent burning the top which can happen if baked higher up in the oven.

    Baking temperatures can be anywhere from 350°F to 425°F depending upon what is being baked. Some recipes, especially if the laminated dough is thick, start at a high temperature to get the maximum lift to the dough and then reduce the temperature to make sure it bakes all the way through. Follow the guidelines in the recipe.

    Serving
    When cutting laminated doughs to serve, use a serrated knife in a sawing motion to preserve the layers and not squash them. It is the exact opposite of cutting the dough before it is baked.

    Research for this article came from the following:
    The New Pastry Cook, Helen S. Fletcher
    The Pie and Pastry Bible, Rose Levy Beranbaum
    Baking & Pastry, Mastering the Art and Craft, CIA
    https://non www.chefeddy.com/2011/03/inverse-puff-pastry/
    https://non www.classofoods.com/page4_1.htm

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    Reader Interactions

    Comments

    1. Dnise says

      February 12, 2023 at 4:44 am

      Fantastic! Perfect for someone who wants to add this previously mysterious skill to their baking repertoire! I’m sharing with my son who has mastering puff pastry to his skill set.

      Reply
      • Helen S Fletcher says

        February 20, 2023 at 12:05 pm

        Hi Denise - This definitely makes is less work and faster without compromising anything. Happy to hear your son bakes also.

        Reply
    2. Peg says

      January 21, 2023 at 8:43 am

      If you cut this pastry with a round biscuit cutter would it rise enough(with
      a domed top) so you could squirt some pastry cream into the center for a crunchy-ish Cream Puff? I like Choux pastry but it's a bit mushy and very egg-y. Plus I love laminated pastries. I know there is more waste with round cuts, but am looking for a crunchy but tender cream puff but not a Choux an Craquelin. Any thoughts?

      Reply
      • Helen S Fletcher says

        January 21, 2023 at 2:12 pm

        Hi Peg, if you look at my post on Sunny Side Up Apricot Pastries, I cut out rounds as you suggest but for a different recipe. Instead of trying to squirt some pastry cream inside, my suggestion is to cut the puff in half and then fill it, replacing the top. Don't fill it to the edge or it will squirt out when you eat it.

        Reply
    3. Noreen says

      September 06, 2016 at 11:38 pm

      I have celiac disease and oh, how I would love to be able to make any laminated pastry! Do you have a recipe for ANYTHING gluten free?

      Reply
      • hfletcher says

        September 07, 2016 at 3:59 am

        Hi Noreen - There are several recipes on my site that are gluten free. The Ultimate Chocolate Fudge Cake, https://pastrieslikeapro.com/2014/04/ultimate-chocolate-fudge-cake/#.V8_WQGX6cXc, Almond Macaroons, https://pastrieslikeapro.com/?s=Almond+Macaroons#.V8_Wg2X6cXc and Flourless Chocolate Raspberry Cookies, https://pastrieslikeapro.com/?s=Chocolate+Raspberry+Cookies#.V8_WuGX6cXc. Hope this helps.

        Reply
    4. Rockyrd says

      September 06, 2016 at 12:17 pm

      Loved reading all of this and look forward to the next installment. I have been making these doughs for years but still love learning about new ways to do them.
      I have never had a cronut but boy they sure look good!

      Did you ever read any of author Beatrice Ojakangas - the scandanavian baker? I have made her danish many times with great results. Many years ago she wrote for Cuisinart magazine and did some short cuts using a food processor.
      Thanks.

      Reply
    5. Nikki says

      September 06, 2016 at 10:56 am

      I am excited to read the rest of this....
      Laminated dough is one that I have been toying with in my mind.
      and 2 comments...
      1.) I just don't get the "cronut" give me a donut or a croissant..but not a fried croissant! Just seems to make it greasy.
      2.) Don't cha just LOVE The Great British Baking Show?! I can't wait for next season. And I resist going on line to see who wins. Seems we get this years show next season/year.
      Side note the Great British Baking Show is where I first heard of Kouig Aman and that led me to begin toying ..in my mind..with thinking about trying a laminated dough. So full circle!

      Reply
    6. Diane says

      September 06, 2016 at 10:18 am

      Thank you so much! I am looking forward to the rest of this series!

      Reply
    7. Susan Croswell says

      September 06, 2016 at 8:57 am

      Thank you for the thorough introduction & overview! You truly are a woman of your word. I can't wait for the discussion to continue.

      Reply
      • hfletcher says

        September 06, 2016 at 9:57 am

        Hi Susan - I was hesitant about posting this as so many people want quick and easy recipes. Some of mine are and some need more explanation to be helpful. I am glad you agree.

        Reply
    8. Ginny S says

      September 06, 2016 at 8:45 am

      I'm so pleased I found your website a few months back. Your method of explaining techniques and dissecting recipes is so thorough and interesting to read. When I finish one of your articles, I feel totally prepared to tackle the recipe. Thank you! I just ordered 2 of your three books and can't wait to receive them. Also, I can't wait to ready more about laminated doughs in the upcoming weeks. They are the bain of my baking existence as I live in a very warm climate.

      Reply
      • hfletcher says

        September 06, 2016 at 9:55 am

        Hi Ginny - Thank you for your very kind words. Your confirmation of what I most want to do is so much appreciated. I always found if I understood what was happening and how the ingredients worked I could transfer that to other recipes. This is how I taught my employees and I am happy others are finding it as helpful.

        Reply
      • hfletcher says

        September 06, 2016 at 10:00 am

        Ginny, I was remiss in not thanking you for buying the books. I do appreciate it.

        Reply
    9. Mari says

      September 06, 2016 at 6:19 am

      Love how you are always coming up with new ways of doing old methods. The old , first edition of processor book, looks at the same topic. At over 80's I still try new methods. Did you ever get my Passover popover recipe? Have a wonderful week.m

      Reply
      • hfletcher says

        September 06, 2016 at 8:29 am

        Hi Marilyn - At 77, I'm still figuring them out. If I weren't still working as a pastry chef I would spend all my time doing this. Yes, I did get the recipe but haven't tried it yet. Thanks so much for sharing. Sorry if I didn't acknowledge when you sent it.

        Reply
    10. Manisha says

      September 06, 2016 at 5:55 am

      Hi Helen

      So happy that you will be talking about laminated dough recipes in the next few posts. I I feel laminated doughs are great both for desserts and savory recipes. If it was not for calories I would be making it more often.

      Your recipe for it in The New Pastry Cook is my go to recipe. The method is so simple that it is difficult to go wrong. Infact it has taken away my fear of laminated doughs. I have used it for making croissants soooo many times and they come out perfect every time.

      Love

      Reply
      • hfletcher says

        September 06, 2016 at 8:30 am

        Hi Manisha - Yes, so much easier. Sometimes seeing one method leads to thinking of how it can be used for others. I love laminated doughs but also agree that the calories are the problem. So they become once in a while treats.

        Reply
    11. Zazamataz says

      September 06, 2016 at 3:20 am

      I look forward to reading and trying your methods. I have made Michael Ruhlman's flaky biscuits which seem similar to your puff pastry. Puff pastry is so useful - and so bad from the supermarket - that I'd love to be able to make it quickly in the food processor.

      Reply
      • hfletcher says

        September 06, 2016 at 8:33 am

        The method I describe has found it way into many recipes. Anything that makes baking easier, as long as the product is the same when baked, I'm for. I know great cooks that won't touch baking and it is such a shame.

        Reply

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